1491 - New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus (Charles C. Mann, 2005)

I wasn't even aware of this book until seeing favorable reviews of the author's next book - titled "1493", of course. This one is simply full of interesting ideas about what may have been going on prior to arrival of Europeans in 1492, many things I've never thought or heard about, many things not very well "proven".

My take-away on "1491":

1. He makes the point that an incredible amount of new research and thinking have taken place in recent decades, yet most folks carry around a few simplistic ideas in the form taught in the 1960s or 70s. Count me in that group.

2. Inca very much top-down. Northeast Indians more democratic. Likely that settler observations of these Indians influenced European thinkers advancing individual rights. Interesting idea - that Europeans learned from the Indians, rather than strictly one-way.

3. A different take on the deaths-by-disease - this author (and some others) believes that massive depopulation via European disease occurred between the time of Columbus's landing (and the other early arrivals) and the later arrival of settler groups. Early arrivals talked about all the settlements and Indians that were observed; those arriving say 100 years later talked about how empty the country was. This is quite interesting, if quite unproven. It's quite possible that the widely held idea of a lightly populated wilderness wasn't accurate.

4. Another very interesting idea - that the Indians somehow lived in beatific harmony with an untouched primeval wilderness - this idea has been widely accepted (probably going back to the day of the "later arrivals" per preceding paragraph) but may well be false. Author discusses widespread use of fire to promote forests with limited underbrush, preferred trees actively promoted by the Indians, etc. Also applied to Amazonia and elsewhere. The environmental crowd may not like this approach, but it seems that even the Indians actively managed their landscape.

5. Discussion of Clovis and Folsom in reference to the Siberian land bridge . . . not sure where this ends up.

6. The amazing-ness of Peru - along the coast, in the uplands - so much discovered since my school days. Widespread use of cotton - then rare in Europe - via irrigation. Europeans loved ditching wool for cotton. The flukes of Pizarro and Cortez.

7. The amazing-ness of Maya country. And Aztec country. Genetic engineering to come up with maize - a wonder product in terms of nutrition that took over much of the world.

8. Some ideas about animal and plant life . . . similar to rabbits in Australia - how an odd event led to odd consequences ("breakout" event). Passenger pigeons and buffalo may have exploded in population between the first European arrivals and later arrivals, as depopulated Indian groups no longer managed these species. Who knows?

The Complete Short Novels (Anton Chekhov, various dates 1888 - 1896)

I knew almost nothing about Chekhov. I did remember a photo of him visiting a very old Tolstoy. I see he was born in 1860 and mostly wrote short stories and plays. These works (called "short novels" by the translators) are probably the longest works he wrote - five stories, each in the range of 100+ pages.

He was born and raised in a town near the Sea of Azov; his father wasn't very nice it seems, plus bankrupted the family; Chekhov thus grew up quickly and took a lot of responsibility for the family. Became a doctor but didn't do a lot with it; gradually became very well known for his writing.

I liked these novels, a lot.

The first was The Steppe - very different from the other four. Atmospheric, plus. A small boy travels across the steppe to live with a relative and go to school following the death of his mother; he is in the company of a priest, a merchant and then various folks crossing the steppe. Chekhov knew the steppe from growing up and this is a delight to read. The plot, such as it is, is secondary to setting the scene. I probably liked this best of the five.

The Duel was recently made into a movie; it's in the Netflix queue.

The Story of an Unknown Man - this is about someone who poses as a servant to gain information about an enemy, ends up in love with his master's paramour.

Three Years - wealthy Moscow merchant marries a provincial (Yulia) who is not in love with him. They persevere, nice ending.

My Life - Young nobleman doesn't want to undertake a noble profession and falls out with his father. Paints house roofs. Marries the engineer's daughter and they undertaking farming (along with a sobering effort to raise up the serfs (resonant with Tolstoy). Ends up looking out for his sister's daughter (a variant of this theme happened three times in these five stories.)

The Invisible Gorilla - And Other Ways Our Intuitions Deceive Us, (Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons, 2010)

Very quick read. Very unusual type of book for me to select, but the reviews were good.

The authors put together a test that involves counting the number of passes made by basketball players. Hard to believe, but in countless administrations of the test, there are always about 50% of the viewers who don't see that well.

The test is in the video below - it's worth taking.

The book goes on to demonstrate that we shouldn't particularly trust our memories, our eyewitness evidence, etc. How we can and do convince ourselves that we remember being present at events where it isn't the case. About "flashbulb" memories ("where were you when you heard John Kennedy was shot" for people of my generation), and how even these are often inaccurate.

It took the authors lots of pages to make just a few points. Important points, but ones that any reasonably observant person should have a pretty good handle on, at least if they've lived long enough.

Still, a quick read and worth the little time that it took.

Here's the video:

We The Living (Ayn Rand, 1936)

An early novel by Rand - published when she was 30. She describes it as semi-autobiographical. She grew up in Russia in the early days of Communism - and had what now seems like a pretty good take on the system even though both she and the Communist state were quite young.

The theme is the individual being overwhelmed by the collective. Along the way, shows the hypocrisy of the too-often venal Party leaders (who live well while the population stands in lines, lacks food, is shipped to Siberia at a faster rate than under the czar, forced to attend classes - the whole "party line" thing).

The protagonist is Kira; she interacts primarily with Leo (who wasn't a compelling character, not sure why Kira fell for this guy) and Andrei (joined the Party in the early going and is disillusioned as things develop). Plenty of other characters are developed. Sasha and Iruna scene on the train is extremely effective (and sad).

Not great, but a good read. I continue to have the same outlook on Rand - politically incorrect, oversimplifies, but plenty of things definitely worth thinking about.

Sugar: A Bittersweet Story (Elizabeth Abbott, 2008)

Glowing WSJ reviews from a couple years ago, so I decided to try this. Skeptical - I thought it would be another book about how awful slavery was, and how the local ecology was wrecked. The author covers these, but includes all sorts of other fascinating ideas. Well worth reading.

Some thoughts:

1. Cheap sugar in England was consumed disproportionately by lower classes. Cheap and tasty; the ultimate comfort food; sound familiar? A cheap "treat" for factory workers.

2. In sugar societies (and other commodities no doubt) - whites access slaves, resulting in mixed race offspring; this requires classifications (mulatto, sambo, quadroon, mustee, etc.) Differing rights. Whiter-skinned look down on darker-skinned (sounds like Muhammed Ali taunting Joe Frazier).

3. Breathtaking value created by sugar colonies - Pitt the Younger estimates that Barbados alone was more valuable to British capitalism than New England, New York and Pennsylvania combined. Fuels factories in England.

4. British authors incorporating West Indies sugar magnates into stories (Jane Austen).

5. Further to #3 above - the West Indies planters pioneered many elements of modern day lobbying. The mandated naval rum ration - didn't happen in a vacuum. Planters even hired a friendly "expert" to tout rum's health benefits. Monopolies, price supports, tariffs. Fighting off competition from sugar beets. All sounds very familiar.

6. Distortion of African development - the old question - impossible to know, but how might the continent have developed without the slave trade?

7. I had wondered why many of these small islands etc. had so many races - in many cases, as abolitionists succeeded or black slaves simply became difficult to obtain or control, planters brought in (via indentures or whatever - tantamount to slavery) - other races. Created tensions which survive to this day between races which might have a lot in common.

8. Haiti - so often in the news - self-liberated black republic. Hasn't worked well.

9. Abolitionists pioneer techniques like boycotting the offending product (sugar). This tactic became widespread.

10. Spanish-American War - hadn't realized the extent of American interests in controlling Cuban sugar.

11. 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis - how "fast foods" were pioneered - folks could grab items and eat while walking around the exhibits. Many are sugar-based. "Pop." Ice cream. Techniques to make chocolate more accessible. Resulting spike in sugar consumption.

The cover photo - check out the tattered outfits - cane workers did incredibly difficult work - abolition of slavery (including in US) didn't fix things quickly.