"To compensate a little for the treachery and weakness of my memory, so extreme that it has happened to me more than once to pick up again, as recent and unknown to me, books which I had read carefully a few years before . . . I have adopted the habit for some time now of adding at the end of each book . . . the time I finished reading it and the judgment I have derived of it as a whole, so that this may represent to me at least the sense and general idea I had conceived of the author in reading it." (Montaigne, Book II, Essay 10 (publ. 1580))

Monday, June 22, 2009

Empires of the Sea - The Siege of Malta, the Battle of Lepanto (Roger Crowley, 2008)

This book was delightful in two ways. First, the baseline story - two empires with global reach duking it out via siege warfare and naval battles (using galleys) in the Mediterranean - is great. Second, the book is a different look at multiple threads read elsewhere that I've had a difficult time linking up.

Lepanto:  1571.  Just 65 years after Martin Luther; just 79 years after Columbus.

Some items:

1. It helps put Mediterranean geography in context - I've always been somewhat baffled as to the location of various islands that show up in story after story going back to Greek classics. I hadn't really thought of this sea as two separate spheres but it turns out that there is a pretty clear east/west split (running north to south from the toe of the boot - Sicily - Malta - North Africa); now I can finally keep straight (west to east): Majorca and Minorca; Corsica and Sardinia; Sicily and Malta; Crete; Rhodes; Cyprus.

2. And now I can better remember where Genoa and Venice fit, that these northern city-states surrounded Hapsburg and papal state territories, part of the reason why southern Italy is relatively undeveloped, why Italy featured cities instead of developing into a country like France or England or others.

3. Warfare that is startlingly modern - fort descriptions and gunnery positioning etc. reminded me of Verdun (described here); sophisticated cannon and other weaponry, supply arrangements, etc.

4. Yet warfare that is primitive in other ways - I didn't realize that in the 16th century naval warfare in this area was conducted via galleys - hearkening back to Ben Hur or far earlier in history. The situation had not improved about recruiting rowers; galley slaves; the disgusting conditions in which they rowed (and generally died).

5. The Ottoman siege of Malta sounded reminders to the siege of Malta in World War II, described here. Troop staging in Sicily reminded me of the Allies in World War II (described here). Same considerations of geography. etc

6. Rampant piracy - on both sides, though far more coming from the Muslim world. These folks were wrecking towns and hauling off slaves (many headed for the galleys) by the tens of thousands, with a focus on Italy, the Adriatic, Spain, France. (One can see where "the shores of Tripoli" - from the Marines' Hymn about stopping Barbary Coast pirates - could still have been an issue hundreds of years after the events in this book. And now we have Somalian pirates.) This also connected to the Vikings - the raids sounded quite similar (and southern Italy was hit up in both phases).

7. The events help put Spain in context - Moors recently ejected; but "unreliable" forced converts living oh so close to "Moorish" territory. Sounds like inquisition is in order.

8. Prescott discussed how Charles V (key Hapsburg emperor) paid little attention to Cortez; there was interest in treasure but otherwise events in the New World almost were a sideshow to events in Europe; this book puts some specifics around this. There were just a few folks sent to the New World; the bullion returned via treasure ships financed many projects and including in particular the naval warfare with the Ottomans. Cortez participated in a raid to North Africa later in life (trying to retake Algiers in 1541).

9. More context around Christianity v. Islam. This was 400+ years after the Crusades were launched. What an incredible, and incredibly ridiculous, history of fighting. Each side claiming true religion while leadership typically is pursuing far more earthly goals. And watching Christianity split with Protestant reformation. And even the Catholic domains (France and Venice) constantly cutting deals with Ottomans at the expense of Spain.

10. Vision of the Ottomans and the Hapsburgs as true world empires; only places with the $$ to put together significant armies/navies. Ottomans were so highly developed. I have this image of incompetence from all the references to the "sick man of Europe" = but that was ~300 years in the future. Ottomans were still awesome at this stage.

11. Sieges at Rhodes and Cyprus (in addition to Malta). Heroism by defenders; great stories throughout.

12. Miguel de Cervantes in the fighting at Lepanto (with Don Quixote making reference to the battle in the book). Quite the battle - 600+ ships (70% of oared vessels in entire Mediterranean in one spot); the author says the rate of slaughter (however calculated) wasn't matched until this battle in 1915. The fresco shown above shows ships in the lines of battle; compared to Trafalgar; hard to believe they could keep this many ships in order.

13. Apparently western Europe was under such pressure that finally having some success (meaning Lepanto) led to outbursts of joy; a series of famous art works by the "masters;" the story absolutely captured the popular imagination. And now there were printing presses to spread the word (and leave a huge trail for historians). The artwork at the top of the page certainly expresses a point of view as to where the religious preferences fell during the battle.

14. But as it turned out, Lepanto didn't disable the Ottomans, but broke momentum and with other events, ended efforts to go on to Rome when that seemed not only possible but likely. Attentions turned elsewhere. Spain sent a fleet to England. Burning energy fighting Protestants in Holland. Ottomans supposedly focused more on Persia, did keep going up the Danube basin (for over a century).

15. Read a lot about the Templars here; they were pretty much out of business at this point but the Knights of St. John had survived and played key roles in all this, especially on Rhodes and Malta (where they went after the Ottomans kicked them out of Rhodes).

16. Andrea Doria fought in this, along with other luminaries. Charles V apparently loved having court painters show him in war-like glory, as with this example.

Monday, June 15, 2009

Cancel Your Own . . . Subscription (William F. Buckley, Jr., 2007)

This book sounded quite interesting in a couple reviews, so I read it. But I didn't find it very interesting.

Buckley is very well known as a "conservative" spokesperson. This went on for many years, starting with the founding of The National Review in 1955. He just died within the past year or so.

I'm guessing I would have agreed with many of his views, even if the term "conservative" now more properly applies to those that seek to preserve existing big government, unions, favor structures, etc. But I never saw the weekly TV show "Firing Line," and didn't read National Review. So don't have much feel for how Buckley actually sounded.

This book mostly had excerpts from a National Review feature called "Notes and Asides." Lots of clever comments, points of grammer, witty letters, communications with then-celebrities or public figures. Etc. Whatever.

Saturday, June 13, 2009

Lili Marlene: The Soldiers' Song of World War II (Liel Leibovitz and Matthew Miller, 2009)

I liked this little book far better than expected. Have seen numerous references to this song in other WWII books so was interested.

A reluctant German soldier (Hans Liep) in 1915 writes a poem about the "girl waiting underneath the lantern, by the barrack's gate". The girl is a composite figure of two women in whom he is interested. He also sets the poem to music; but it goes nowhere, is buried in a compilation of his poetry. Simple, sentimental, focused on the sorrow of separation caused by war and the hope of returning to love.

In the 1930s, a new musical setting is written by a composer (Norbert Schultze) who write much of the propaganda music for the Nazis. Lale Andersen records the new version. Out of step with Nazi martial music; again it goes nowhere. Sells 700 records so they try to publicize via radio. First performance was on Kristellnacht, so received no attention; and Germany moves into war mode.

The German Army establishes a high-powered radio station in conquered Yugoslavia (Radio Belgrade). Way short on records, the station obtains a stack that includes "Lili Marlene." Radio Belgrade plays the song a few times.

And then the magic begins. Literally thousands of letters are received from soldiers in various theaters - from both Axis and Allies! The song threatens to swallow the station's other programming, so it was taken off the air. That provoked a real cascade of letters. A most successful resolution was achieved: the song was played once per day, at exactly 9:57p, just before final news and signoff.

And apparently the soldiers waited just for this, night after night. Neat stories in North Africa, where the lines sometimes were so close that one side would yell across to the other to turn up its radios so that both sides could hear their song. Both sides adopted the song and it was played daily at 9:57p pretty much right up to the end.

The leadership on both sides were troubled. Goebbels hates it - spoke to longing to come home, love; opposite of military machine. At one point he prevented Lale Andersen from performing, and at one point only instrumental versions were permitted. "Monty" also hated it - the song was both German and sentimental. But the military leadership all realized it wasn't worth crossing the soldiers on this point, and versions were released in different languages.

So what connected between this song and the front-line soldiers? Especially the British and Americans who couldn't even understand the words? I try to think about this when listening to Andersen's German version. It clearly had a power that top-down propaganda music didn't. Sounds like the song was particularly popular in North Africa and Italy; what did somebody like Irvin Bormann think of it?

The original Lale Andersen version is first below - this is the recording that the folks in North Africa would have heard, probably the most common one throughout the war.

Other recordings emerged as time went on, including by established stars like Marlene Dietrich. A version from a USO camp is at bottom (gives English translation).

Rather touching finish to the book where they describe how the reunions of certain units continue with dwindling numbers, combined attendance from German and Allied vets. And yes, these 80-somethings - veterans from both sides - sing "lili Marlene" together at each reunion.

Lale Andersen - 1938:





Marlene Dietrich, USO camp version in English:

Sunday, June 07, 2009

Frankenstein (Mary Shelley, 1831)

The author was from a then well known literary family; had a quite unstable and unusual married life. She hung around with folks like Lord Byron. These two plus some other literary types were stuck in a rainy spell while on extended holiday near Lake Geneva, and challenged each other to write ghost stories as a diversion. "Frankenstein" grew out of this effort.

Gothic, strange, quick read, enjoyable. Not sure of the take-away, but at a minimum (as an old commercial put it), clearly it's never a good idea to fool with mother nature.

Three long narratives are included from slightly different perspectives - the tale of the narrator; who then hears Frankenstein's tale directly from Frankenstein; and the narrator then hears the monster's tale from Frankenstein (with a finishing flourish direct from the monster).

Awful things happen throughout. It's not hard to see how this became widely read, and transmuted into various pop culture formats.

By the way, I hadn't realized how the monster had learned language etc. (not having had a chance at a formal education). Among his learning opportunities, the monster had access to three books - one of which of course was Goethe's "The Sorrows of Young Werther," the massively influential book described here. The monster apparently sympathized with Werther's version of being "romantic."

Tuesday, June 02, 2009

History of the Conquest of Mexico (William H. Prescott, 1843)

Absolutely fascinating. This detailed history (900 pages) was released in 1843, so quite the different perspective than a current writer might take. I'm not sure how much has been debunked by subsequent scholarship but would be pretty confident that most of the book has survived

I always like the stories of different cultures coming into contact, though usually I run into this in the context of the African explorations. Prescott notes many similarities while emphasizing the differences as well. Many similar values and religious concepts; some not so similar. I much liked one of the appendices, which was a letter from an Aztec mother to her daughter (who was moving into adulthood). Other than the subservient tone toward the male figures (which wouldn't have been out of place in contemporary Europe), it read exactly like sound modern advice - sophisticated, measured, etc.

The author tells the unbelievable tale in delightful prose, very scholarly yet completely engaging. Prescott had pretty much lost his eyesight, so had to have many of the source materials read to him by others; he composed text on some sort of device for the blind. This book (and one on the Peruvian conquest that I definitely read) helped him become quite famous. We travel occasionally through Prescott, Arizona, which was the territorial capital and named for this author.

The Cortes story is pretty well known in broad strokes; this book provides the detail that makes the broad-stroke version all the more unbelievable. Some items:

1. Prescott provides immense detail about the various tribes, including why so many were willing to help Cortes against the Aztecs.

2. The characterization of Montezuma is compelling. The circumstance of the Quetzalcoatl story is uncanny. I didn't know Montezuma hosted the Spaniards for literally months.

3. The characterization of Cortes - he seemed to have pretty much incredible leadership ability (not to mention physical strength and stamina). I really didn't know anything about his post-conquest adventures (none came close to matching that success though were also very difficult).

4. Cortez has a handful of men in a land full of enemies, no maps, no knowledge of much of anything - and burned his ships so there was no turning back. There is plenty reason why that action became so famous.

5. The noche triste - and subsequent difficult retreat from Mexico to the land of their allies - this was quite the adventure. The canals and causeways made for difficult urban fighting. (I was just reading that the first poem ever submitted by Robert Frost for publication was based on this event - he was captivated by Prescott's book.)

6. Impressive that Cortes survived this, the intrigues of his fellow Spaniards, and returned to take the city. The actual reduction of the city was quite a process - ended up basically knocking down all buildings other than temples etc. that were too large to be worth the effort. and filled in the canals to give freedom of movement for cavalry, cannon, etc.

7. And then came slavery (in all but name), disease, etc. for the survivors. And some form of religious conversion.

8. Prescott had some interesting observations about the motivations of the conquerors, that they were almost a throw-back to the "knight errant" construct that already was obsolete elsewhere in Europe. But Spain was a throw-back in general; interesting course of development with Islamic presence so different than elsewhere in Europe.

Like so much history I read - but applicable to this one in particular - the story lines are more compelling than fiction. A novelist who tried to write this stuff would be ridiculed.